There
are a number of ways to boost the number of women working.
India’s
rapid economic growth has been accompanied by falling fertility rates
and higher educational attainment among women. These advances often
lead to an increase in women entering the labour force, but there has
been a surprising decline on this front in India. Less than 30% of
working-age women are currently in work compared to nearly 80% of men
in India.
The
conspicuous absence
of women in India’s labour force is part of a wider issue the
country is facing when it comes to jobs growth. But the fact that it
is affecting women more than men is a worrying trend for India, which
tends to rank poorly in UN rankings like the Gender Development Index
and Gender Inequality Index, and has historically had low shares of
women participating in the labour market. Plus, the number of women
working has been gradually falling over the last 30 years.
There
are a number of reasons for this, ranging from a lack of jobs growth
in female-friendly sectors such as manufacturing, to more women
staying in education for longer, and persisting stigma surrounding
the idea of women working. As India grapples with boosting the number
of jobs available to people – and young people especially – it
must ensure it does not leave women behind in the process.
It
is useful to understand India’s experience against the global
landscape. According to the latest estimates from the UN’s
International Labour Organisation, the worldwide labour force
participation rate in 2018 for women aged 15-64 was 53% while it was
80.6% for similarly aged men. Since 1990, participation rates for
both groups have shown an overall decline around the world.
There
are, however, variations in these global trends. The number of women
working in high income countries went up between 1990 and 2018,
largely due to policies like better parental leave, subsidised
childcare, and flexibility in jobs. But in South Asia’s low and
middle income countries, the number of women working has declined.
In
India, female
labour force participation fell from 35% in 1990 to 27% in 2018.
India fares better than its neighbour Pakistan (where the rate
increased from 14% to 25% over the same period). But it lags behind
Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Nepal, and other countries at similar
stages of growth and development.
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